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关于犯意转化和另起犯意的辨别问题/张世勋

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-21 23:24:43  浏览:9050   来源:法律资料网
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关于犯意转化和另起犯意的辨别问题

张世勋


  犯意转化和另起犯意的认定和辨别对行为人行为的定性和是否数罪并罚、一罪还是数罪的问题至关重要,是一个后续问题解决的前提问题,只有将犯意转化和另起犯意这个问题解决了,才能流畅的处理刑法题目和刑法实践中的罪数和定罪问题。
  基于犯意转化和另起犯意问题的重要性,笔者将这两个概念的相关概念、特点和主要情形做下列阐述:
1.犯意转化和另起犯意的定义
犯意转化是指行为人在犯罪行为过程中,改变犯罪故意的具体内容从而导致此罪与彼罪的转化。
另起犯意是指在实施犯罪行为过程中,因某种原因的出现,停止原犯罪行为而另起其他的犯罪故意,实施另外一个犯罪行为。
2.犯意转化和另起犯意的特点
犯意转化的特点:
①从此罪转化为彼罪,最后还是按一罪处罚。
②前一行为没有停止,或讲正在进行中。
③侵犯法益多为同一法益或同一类法益。
另起犯意的特点:
①在前一行为停止(既遂、中止或未遂状态)后,行为人有另起犯意,一般为数罪并罚。
②前一行为已经由于某种原因停止,又开始另一行为。
③侵犯的法益多为不同种法益。
3.正确区分犯意转化与另起犯意
犯意转化会导致行为人的行为方式、性质产生变化,因而影响故意内容的认定。
犯意转化的第一种情况是,行为人以此犯意实施犯罪的预备行为,却以彼犯意实施犯罪的实行行为。或者说,行为人在预备阶段是此犯意,但在实行阶段是彼犯意。例如,行为人在预备阶段具有抢劫的故意,为抢劫准备了工具、制造了条件;但进入现场后,发现财物的所有人、保管人等均不在场,于是实施了盗窃行为。行为人在实行犯罪时,由预备阶段的抢劫故意转化为盗窃故意,其实行行为便是盗窃行为。通常认为,在这种情况下,应以实行行为吸收预备行为。事实上对此还难以一概而论,或许可能根据重行为吸收轻行为的原则认定犯罪:如果盗窃行为严重,以盗窃罪论处,其抢劫预备行为可以作为盗窃罪从重处罚的情节;如果盗窃行为并不严重,而抢劫预备行为严重,则以抢劫(预备)罪论处,将盗窃行为作为抢劫罪从重处罚的情节。
犯意转化的第二种情况是,在实行犯罪的过程中犯意改变,导致此罪与彼罪的转化。例如,某甲在故意伤害他人的过程中,改变犯意,意图杀死他人。又如,某乙见他人手提装有现金的提包,起抢夺之念,在抢夺过程中转化为使用暴力,将他人打倒在地,抢走提包。再如,某丙本欲杀死他人,在杀害过程中,由于某种原因改变犯意,认为造成伤害即可,没有致人死亡。对此,刑法理论上有人主张:犯意升高者,从新意(变更后的意思);犯意降低者,从旧意(变更前的意思)。换言之,如果行为人本欲犯较轻的罪,后来改变犯意,犯较重的罪,则定较重的罪;如果行为人本欲犯较重的罪,后改变犯意,犯较轻的罪,则仍定较重的罪。依此观点,对上述某甲、某乙的行为应分别定故意杀人罪与抢劫罪;对某丙的行为仍应认定为故意杀人罪,但存在犯罪中止的问题,即如果符合中止犯的条件,则成立故意杀人罪的中止犯。笔者赞成这种观点。
犯意转化的处罚原则总结:
犯意升高者,从新犯意;犯意降低者,从旧犯意。
4.犯意转化与另起犯意具有区别,前者是由此罪转化为彼罪,因而仍然是一罪;后者是在前一犯罪已经既遂、未遂或中止后,行为人又另起犯意实施另一犯罪行为,因而成立数罪。具体说,犯意转化与另起犯意有三个重要区别:
(1)行为在继续过程中,才有犯意转化问题;如果行为由于某种原因终了,则只能是另起犯意。例如,某甲以强奸故意对某乙实施暴力之后,因为妇女正值月经期而放弃奸淫,便另起犯意实施抢劫行为。由于抢劫故意与抢劫行为是在强奸中止之后产生的,故某甲的行为成立强奸中止与抢劫二罪。
(2)同一被害对象才有犯意转化问题;如果针对另一不同对象,则只能是另起犯意。例如,某甲以伤害故意举刀砍某乙,适仇人某丙出现在现场,某甲转而将某丙杀死。甲的行为针对不同对象,应成立故意伤害与故意杀人二罪。
(3)犯罪客体即所侵害的法益是否为同一或者同一类法益。犯意转化的情况下,前后犯意所侵害的法益是同一或者同一类的:而另起犯意的情形下,前后所侵害的法益多数情况下是不相同的。如行为人入室强奸后有怕罪行暴露就萌生了杀害被害人的想法,随用被害人家中菜刀将其砍死后弃尸野外,那么这个案例中行为人前后犯意所侵害的法益即不相同,应以强奸罪和故意杀人罪数罪并罚。
5.在阐述了犯意转化和另起犯意的定义,特点和表现形式后,笔者将司法考试中如何判断的应试技巧归结如下:
在司法考试试题中一般会给出“在……后,张三……”的句式,在这种情况下,十有八九就是另起犯意了。这是笔者做完历年考试真题后的真切感受,大家可以尝试一下。
如果在上一步判断过程中,你并不放心,那么请将上文中犯意转化和另起犯意的特点部分和区别部分共9点详细揣摩并运用此便准进行判断。
如果你在上面两步还解决不了犯意转化和另起犯意的区别和辨认,你就采用韩友谊老师的形象标准,即:犯意转化就是一部电影中不同镜头的转换;另起犯意则是一部电影放映完毕,又放映一部新电影。
希望笔者的总结能够对你有所裨益。
2010年5月19日
QQ:846641728
E-mail:zhangshixun2018@126.com

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中华人民共和国海关船舶吨税暂行办法(附英文)

海关总署


中华人民共和国海关船舶吨税暂行办法(附英文)

(一九五二年九月十六日政务院财政经济委员会批准)

第一条 在中华人民共和国港口行驶的外国籍船舶和外商租用的中国籍船舶,以及中外合营企业使用的中外国籍船舶(包括专在港内行驶的上项船舶),均按本办法由海关征收船舶吨税(以下简称吨税)。
前项应完吨税船舶,毋庸另向税务机关完纳车船使用牌照税。
第二条 吨税分三个月期缴纳与三十天期缴纳两种,由纳税人于申请完税时自行选报,其税级税率列明如下:
(一)按三个月期缴纳者:
(二)按三十天期缴纳者,照前表税率减半征收。
进口船舶应自申报进口之日起征,如所领吨税执照满期后尚未驶离中国,则应自原照满期之次日起续征。
第三条 应征吨税船舶的国籍,如属于同中华人民共和国签有条约或协定,规定对船舶的税费相互给予最惠国待遇的国家,该船舶的吨税按优惠税率计征。其按三个月期缴纳的吨税税率如下:
按本条规定纳税之船舶,如申请按照前条办法按三十天期缴纳,照上表减半征收。
第四条 外国籍及外商租用的中国籍船舶,在到达及驶离设关港
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |每 吨 吨 税|
船舶种类 | 吨 位 | | 附 注
| |(人 民 币)|
----------------|---------------------------|--------------|----------------------
| 轮 | 50吨以下 | 3角 |按净吨位计征,尾数在半
| | 51吨至 150吨 | 3角5分 |吨以下者免征其尾数,半
| 船 | 151吨至 300吨 | 4角 |吨及超过半吨但不及一吨
机 | | 301吨至 500吨 | 4角5分 |者则晋按一吨计算;又不
| 汽 | 501吨至1,000吨 | 6角 |及一吨的小型船舶,除经
| |1,001吨至1,500吨 | 7角5分 |海关总署特准免征者外,
动 | 船 |1,501吨至2,000吨 | 9角 |应一律按一吨计征。
| |2,001吨至3,000吨 |1元1角 |
| 拖 |3,001吨至4,000吨 |1元3角 |
| |4,001吨至5,000吨 |1元5角 |
船 | 船 |5,001吨以上 |1元8角 |
------|---------|---------------------------|--------------|----------------------
非 |各种人力 | 10吨以下 | 1角5分 |
机 |驾驶船及 | 11吨至 50吨 | 2角 |
动 |驳船帆船 | 51吨至 150吨 | 2角5分 |
船 | | 151吨至 300吨 | 3角 |
| | 301吨以上 | 3角5分 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

口,按海关规定须向关申报进口与结关者,应将船舶吨税执照一并交验。如进口时原照已经满期或前未完纳吨税者,应并在申报进口时填送申报单,交验:
(一)船舶国籍证书(或港务机关签发的收存此项证书之证明书);
(二)船舶吨位证明,向关申报完税。
第五条 前项船舶,其吨税执照之有效期间在申报进口后满期者,及专在港内行驶者,均应于原照满期时按前条规定向关申报纳税领照。倘自满期次日起五日内不向关申报完税,应按本办法第十四条规定论罚。
第六条 特准行驶未设关地方之外国籍船舶,应同按本办法第四
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |每 吨 吨 税|
船 舶 种 类 | 吨 位 | | 附 注
| |(人 民 币)|
----------------|---------------------------|--------------|----------------------
| 50吨以下 | 3角 | 计征办法同前表
| 51吨至 150吨 | 3角5分 |
机 动 船 | 151吨至 300吨 | 4角 |
| 301吨至 500吨 | 4角5分 |
(轮船、汽船、 | 501吨至1,000吨 | 5角5分 |
|1,001吨至1,500吨 | 6角5分 |
拖船) |1,501吨至2,000吨 | 8角 |
|2,001吨至3,000吨 | 9角5分 |
|3,001吨以上 |1元1角 |
----------------|---------------------------|--------------|----------------------
非 机 动 船 | 10吨以下 | 1角5分 |
| 11吨至 50吨 | 2角 |
(各种人力驾驶 | 51吨至 150吨 | 2角5分 |
| 151吨至 300吨 | 3角 |
船及帆船、驳船)| 301吨以上 | 3角5分 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

条规定在到达或驶离港口时向当地港务机关交验船舶吨税执照(无港务机关地方应向当地边防公安机关或部队交验),在原照满期时,并应按照本办法第四、五条规定报由当地税务局依本办法代征吨税发给执照,逾期不报按第十四条论罚。
第七条 纳税人应自海关(或税务局)签发吨税缴款书之次日起五日内(星期日及规定放假日除外)缴清税款,由关(或局)填发船舶吨税执照,逾期由关(或局)自第六天起至缴清税款之日止按日征收应纳税额千分之一的滞纳金,作为海关罚款入库。
第八条 外商租用的中国籍船舶,及中国公私营企业租用的外国籍船舶,在租用关系开始或解除时,其原纳车船使用牌照税或船舶吨税,如尚未满期,得仍继续有效。惟期满后应即按照当时使用关系向关报完吨税或向税务局报完车船使用牌照税。
第九条 船舶因经修理,原净吨位有所增减,在原领吨税执照有效期内,不再调整税额。惟于下期完纳吨税时应按吨位变更后的吨位证书,申请核定税额。如吨位增高而匿不申报,希图漏税者,按本办法第十四条规定处罚。
第十条 已完吨税之船舶,具有下列情形之一者,海关得验凭所交港务机关证明文件,按其实际日数,将执照有效日期,批注延长:
(一)船舶驶入我国港口避难、修理者;(二)船舶因防疫隔离不能上下客货者;
(三)船舶经中央或地方人民政府征用或租用者。
第十一条 下列各种外籍船舶,免征吨税:
(一)与我国建立外交关系国家之大使馆、公使馆、领事馆使用的船舶;
(二)有当地港务机关证明之避难、修理、停驶或拆毁的船舶,并不上下客货者;
(三)专供上下客货及存货之泊定趸船、浮桥趸船及浮船;
(四)中央或地方人民政府征用或租用的船舶;
(五)合于暂行海关法第二十七条规定毋庸向关申报进口的国际航行船舶。
第十二条 船舶使用人如于该船未到达港口以前办理结关手续者,须向关递送书面保证,担保俟船舶驶入港口后交验吨税执照,或遵章完纳吨税请领执照。此项执照的有效日期,亦应自船舶申报进口之日起算。
第十三条 船舶使用人所领吨税执照,在有效期间内,如有毁损或遗失时,得向原发执照海关(或税务局)书面声明,并请另发吨税执照副本,不再补税。
第十四条 不按本办法规定申报纳税领照者,除限期办理外,并处以应纳税额三倍以下之罚金,以海关罚款入库。
第十五条 本办法自发布之日施行。(附英文)

INTERIM MEASURES OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINACONCERNING VESSEL TONNAGE DUES

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM MEASURES OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
CONCERNING VESSEL TONNAGE DUES
(Approved by the Financial and Economic Committee of the Govern-
ment Administration Council on September 16, 1952 and promulgated and put
into effect by the General Customs Administration on September 29, 1952)
Article 1
Vessel tonnage dues (hereinafter referred to as tonnage) shall be levied
by the Customs in accordance with these Measures on foreign registered
vessels and Chinese registered vessels chartered by foreign firms and
Chinese or foreign registered vessels used by Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures (including vessels sailing exclusively within the ports) sailing
in the ports of the People's Republic of China. It is not necessary for
the said vessels paying tonnages to pay additional vehicle and vessel
service licence fees to the tax authorities.
Article 2
Tonnages are divided into two types: one to be paid once every three
months and the other to be paid once every 30 days, to be chosen by the
payers themselves when they apply for the payment of the tonnages. The
scale and rate of the tonnages are as follows:
1. Those to be paid once every three months:
|===================|=============================|====================|===============================|
|Category of Vessel |Tonnes |Tonnage per tonne |Remarks |
| | | (RMB) | |
|===================|=============================|====================|===============================|
| |below 50 tonnes | 3 jiao |Tonnages to be calculated |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
| | 51 tonnes to 150 tonnes | 3 jiao 5 fen |and levied by net weight. The |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
| | 151 tonnes to 300 tonnes | 4 jiao |odd amount less than 1/2 |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
| | 301 tonnes to 500 tonnes | 4 jiao 5 fen |tonne is exempt from taxa- |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
|Power-drive | 501 tonnes to 1,000 tonnes | 6 jiao |tion; 1/2 tonne or more is |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
|Vessels (Steam- |1,001 tonnes to 1,500 tonnes | 7 jiao 5 fen |considered as 1 tonne. Small |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
|Ships, motor- |1,501 tonnes to 2,000 tonnes | 9 jiao |vessels less than 1 tonne shall|
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
|boats or tugboats) |2,001 tonnes to 3,000 tonnes |1 yuan 1 jiao |be taxed as 1 tonne except for |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
| |3,001 tonnes to 4,000 tonnes |1 yuan 3 jiao |those enjoying exemption |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
| |4,001 tonnes to 5,000 tonnes |1 yuan 5 jiao |specially granted by |
| |over 5,001 tonnes |1 yuan 8 jiao |the General Customs |
| | | |Administration. |
|===================|=============================|====================|===============================|
|Non-power- | below 10 tonnes | 1 jiao 5 fen | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
|Driven Vessels | 11 tonnes to 50 tonnes | 2 jiao | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
|(Various | 51 tonnes to 150 tonnes | 2 jiao 5 fen | |
|manually- |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
|driven boats, | 151 tonnes to 300 tonnes | 3 jiao | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------------------|
|lighters and junks)| over 301 tonnes | 3 jiao 5 fen | |
|===================|=============================|====================|===============================|
2. Those to be paid once every 30 days shall be levied at half the rates
in the above list. The tonnage shall be levied on an incoming vessel from
the date of its declaration for entry. If the vessel does not leave China
at the expiration of the tonnage licence, the levy shall continue as of
the next day of the expiration.
Article 3
The tonnage for a vessel which is registered in or belongs to a foreign
country which has entered into a treaty or agreement with the People's
Republic of China for mutual preferential treatment of tonnages or fees
levied on vessels shall be levied at a preferential rate. The rates of
tonnages to be levied once every three months are as follows:
|===================|=============================|====================|==============================|
|Category of Vessel |Tonnes |Tonnage per tonne |Remarks |
| | | (RMB) | |
|===================|=============================|====================|==============================|
| |below 50 tonnes | 3 jiao |The procedures for calculaion |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
| | 51 tonnes to 150 tonnes | 3 jiao 5 fen |and levy are the same as in |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
| | 151 tonnes to 300 tonnes | 4 jiao |the preceding list. |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
|Power-driven | 301 tonnes to 500 tonnes | 4 jiao 5 fen | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
|Vessels (Steam- | 501 tonnes to 1,000 tonnes | 5 jiao 5 fen | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
|ships, motor- |1,001 tonnes to 1,500 tonnes | 6 jiao 5 fen | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
|boats or tugboats) |1,501 tonnes to 2,000 tonnes | 8 jiao | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
| |2,001 tonnes to 3,000 tonnes | 9 jiao 5 fen | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
| |over 3,001 tonnes |1 yuan 1 jiao | |
|===================|=============================|====================|==============================|
|Non-power- |below 10 tonnes | 1 jiao 5 fen | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
|Driven Vessels | 11 tonnes to 50 tonnes | 2 jiao | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
|(Various manually- | 51 tonnes to 150 tonnes | 2 jiao 5 fen | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
|driven boats, | 151 tonnes to 300 tonnes | 3 jiao | |
| |-----------------------------|--------------------|------------------------------|
|lighters and | over 301 tonnes | 3 jiao 5 fen | |
|junks) | | | |
|===================|=============================|====================|==============================|
If a vessel paying the tonnage as stipulated under this Article applies to
make payment once every 30 days in accordance with the procedures in the
preceding Article, the tonnage shall be levied at half the rates in the
above list.
Article 4
A foreign registered vessel or a Chinese registered vessel chartered by a
foreign firm shall submit the vessel tonnage licence and the declaration
at the Customs for examination and entry or clearance purposes as
stipulated by the Customs when it arrives at or leaves a port where there
is a Customs establishment. If the original licence has expired at the
time of entry or the tonnage has not been paid before, it shall file a
declaration at the time of entry, make the declaration at the Customs and
pay the tonnage by submitting (1) the certificate of the vessel's registry
(or the testimonial signed and issued by the port authorities to testify
that this certificates has been kept in their custody) and (2) the
certification of the vessel's tonnage for examination.
Article 5
If the term of validity of the tonnage licence of the above vessel has
expired after its declaration for entry or if it sails exclusively within
the port, it shall make a declaration at the Customs, pay the tonnage and
obtain a new licence as stipulated in the preceding Article upon
expiration of the original licence. If it fails to make a declaration and
pay the tonnage within 5 days of expiration, it shall be fined according
to the stipulation in Article 14 of these Measures.
Article 6
A foreign registered vessel specially permitted to sail to or from a place
where there is no Customs establishment shall submit the vessel tonnage
licence to the local port authorities for examination (it shall be
submitted to the local frontier public security organs or frontier forces
for examination in a place without port authorities) as stipulated in
Article 4 of these Measures when it arrives at or leaves the port. At the
expiration of the original licence, it shall also make a declaration at
the local tax bureau as stipulated in Article 4 and Article 5 of these
Measures and the bureau shall collect the tonnage and issue a new licence
in lieu of the Customs according to these Measures. If it fails to make a
declaration within the time limit, it shall be fined in accordance with
Article 14.
Article 7
The payer shall pay the tonnage within 5 days (Sundays and statutory
holidays excepted) of the issue of the Notice of Tonnage Payment by the
Customs (or the tax bureau) and the Customs (or the bureau) shall issue
the vessel tonnage licence. If the time limit is exceeded, the Customs (or
the bureau) shall collect a fine for delaying payment of 0.1% of the
payable tonnage daily from the sixth day to the day of full payment of the
tonnage and pay it into the treasury as Customs' fines.
Article 8
In the case of a Chinese registered vessel chartered by a foreign firm or
a foreign registered vessel chartered by a Chinese public or private
enterprise, the vehicle and vessel service licence tax or the vessel
tonnage already paid shall remain valid if it has not expired at the
beginning or termination of the charter. However, the vessel shall make a
declaration at the Customs' and pay the tonnage or make the declaration at
the tax bureau and pay the vehicle and vessel service licence tax upon its
expiration on the basis of the charter at the time.
Article 9
The tonnage amount shall not be readjusted within the term of validity of
the tonnage licence already obtained even if the net weight of a vessel is
increased or reduced due to repairs. However, at the time of the next
payment of tonnage, an application shall be made for the adjustment of the
tonnage amount on the basis of the certificate of tonnage after its change
of weight. If the increase in weight is not disclosed and declared with
the intention of evading tonnage payment, the vessel shall be fined as
stipulated in Article 14 of these Measures.
Article 10
In any of the following cases for a vessel which has paid tonnage, the
Customs shall annotate and comment on the extension of the term of the
licence validity according to the actual number of days after examining
the papers submitted by the port authorities:
(1) a vessel sailing into a port in the country for asylum or repair;
(2) a vessel under quarantine and unable to embark or disembark passengers
or cargos;
(3) a vessel having been commandeered and chartered by the Central
Government or a local people's government.
Article 11
The following foreign registered vessels shall be exempt from tonnages:
(1) vessels for use by embassies, legations and consulates of countries
having diplomatic relations with China;
(2) vessels with papers from the local port authorities to take asylum,
undergo repairs, suspend service or be disassembled and not to embark or
disembark passengers or cargos;
(3) mooring pontoons, floating-bridge pontoons and floating boats used
exclusively for embarking or disembarking passengers or cargos and storing
goods;
(4) vessels commandeered or chartered by the Central Government or local
people's governments;
(5) international vessels which are exempt from making declarations at the
Customs for entry as stipulated in Article 27 of the Provisional Customs
Law. [*1]
Article 12
If a charter-party goes through Customs formalities before the vessel
arrives at the port, it shall submit a written guarantee to the Customs
house to assure submission upon entry of the vessel of the tonnage licence
for examination or payment of the tonnage and application for licence
according to regulations. The term of validity of the licence shall begin
on the date of the vessel's declaration for entry.
Article 13
If the tonnage licence obtained by a charter-party is defaced or lost
during the term of validity, it shall make a written application to the
original licence-issuing Customs establishment (or tax bureau) for a copy
of the tonnage licence. No further payment is required.
Article 14
All formalities shall be observed within the time limit set. A charter-
party who fails to make a declaration, pay the tonnage and obtain the
licence shall be fined not more than three times the payable tonnage
amount and the fine shall be paid into the treasury as Customs' fines.
Article 15
These Measures shall go into force as of the date of promulgation.
Note:
[*1] The Provisional Customs Law has been superseded by the Customs Law of
the People's Republic of China, which was adopted at the 19th Meeting of
the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress of the
People's Republic of China on January 22, 1987. - The Editor.


山西省科学技术协会条例

山西省人大常委会


山西省科学技术协会条例
山西省人大常委会



(1998年1月5日山西省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第三十二次会议通过 1998年1月5日公布施行)


第一条 为保障各级科学技术协会依法开展活动,发挥其在社会主义现代化建设中的作用,实施科教兴晋战略,促进科学技术进步,根据有关法律、法规,结合本省实际,制定本条例。
第二条 科学技术协会是科学技术工作者组成的人民团体,是发展科学技术事业的重要社会力量。
第三条 本条例所称科学技术协会,是指省科学技术协会、市(地)科学技术协会、县(市、区)科学技术协会及企业、事业单位和乡(镇)、街道建立的科学技术协会基层组织。
第四条 科学技术协会应坚持科学技术是第一生产力的思想,团结和组织科学技术工作者,面向经济建设,开展科学技术的普及与推广,提高全民科学技术素质,加强科学技术人才的培养,促进科学技术的发展和繁荣,为社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设服务。
第五条 科学技术协会(以下简称科协)在法律、法规规定的范围内独立自主地开展活动。
科协及所属学会(含协会、研究会,下同)的合法权益受法律保护。
第六条 各级人民政府应支持科协开展工作和活动,保障其依法履行职责。
有关部门和企业、事业单位应为科协、学会开展活动提供必要的条件。
第七条 省、市(地)、县(市、区)应建立科协。省科协由省级学会和市(地)科协组成;市(地)科协由市(地)级学会和县(市、区)科协组成;县(市、区)科协由县(市、区)级学会和基层科协组成。
县级以上科协机关工作人员参照《国家公务员暂行条例》进行管理。
第八条 科协所属学会的变更或撤销,须经会员大会或会员代表大会讨论通过,并向社团登记管理机关办理手续。
第九条 农村各类专业技术研究会、协会和农民技术协会,是农民自愿结合开展科学技术实践活动的群众组织,科协应对其进行指导。
第十条 科协应反映科学技术工作者的意见、建议和要求,维护科学技术工作者的合法权益,为科学技术工作者服务。
第十一条 科协及所属学会应积极开展学术活动,加强学术交流,提高学术水平,推进学科发展和新兴学科建设。
科协依法开展国内外民间的科学技术合作和交流,发展与国际科技组织、科技团体和科技界人士的友好交往。
第十二条 科协应经常开展群众性、社会性科学技术普及工作,宣传科学知识、科学方法、科学思想。
第十三条 科协及所属学会应加强农村科学技术普及工作,以推广实用技术为重点,建立农村科学技术普及示范基地,开展科学技术扶贫,培养农民科技人才,帮助和引导农民依靠科学技术发展农村经济。
第十四条 科协应协同学校及有关单位在青少年中开展适合其特点的科学技术活动,提高青少年科学校术素质,培养科学技术事业的后备人才。
第十五条 科协接受各级人民政府和有关部门的委托,对科学技术和经济社会发展计划、重大建设项目开展科学论证和决策咨询;参与科学技术项目评估和科学校术成果鉴定;协助有关部门,开展对科学技术工作者的继续教育和培训工作。
第十六条 科协应促进所属学会与企业的协作,指导和扶持企业科协开展科学技术活动,促进企业技术创新,推动企业科学技术进步。
第十七条 科协及所属学会应面向生产,开展科学技术咨询活动,提供信息、管理、技术等服务。
第十八条 科协应对在科学技术工作中做出突出贡献的组织和个人给予表彰和奖励,向各级人民政府和社会各界举荐优秀人才。
第十九条 科协经费来源是:
(一)财政拨款;
(二)团体会员缴纳的会费;
(三)国内外组织和个人的资助、捐赠;
(四)其他收入。
第二十条 各级科协的行政、事业、基本建设经费应列入同级人民政府财政预算和基本建设计划。
全省财政每年投入科学技术普及的经费应不低于全省人口总数平均0.20元;其中,省级财政投入不低于0.10元,市(地)、县(市、区)财政投入不低于0.10元,并随着经济、社会的发展逐步增加。
第二十一条 科协经费的支出执行国家有关规定,接受有关部门的监督。
第二十二条 新闻出版、广播电视、教育、文化等部门应支持科协开展科学技术宣传普及活动,对科学技术普及性的出版物给予扶持。
第二十三条 县级以上人民政府应根据当地经济、科学技术和社会发展的需要,保障科学技术馆、青少年科学技术活动中心等科学技术普及设施的建设,充分发挥其示范作
第二十四条 科协工作人员玩忽职守给国家和社会造成损失的,由其所在单位或上级主管部门给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第二十五条 侵占、挪用或任意调拨科协资产的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,由其所在单位或上级主管部门给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第二十六条 本条例自公布之日起施行。



1998年1月5日

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